Laptop chargers have power outputs of anywhere from 65W to 95W. They include a variety of protections and safety features, starting with a simple on/off switch that allows you to turn off the charger when not in use. They also give you a LED indicator light that tells you how much charge is remaining.
The circuitry inside laptop chargers does some very basic stuff: it converts AC power from the wall outlet into DC power, which is always alternating current (AC); it increases the voltage about 72% of what it would be if there were no conversion process; and finally, they put this higher-voltage output through some kind of filtering circuit.